Chapter 11 Notes

Chapter 11- Elements of Cartography
Alignment and centering are important in cartography


Map Elements


            Neatline- may appear in a frame line (which contains all map contents) are used to limit map’s extent
            Mapped area- region of the earth being mapped
                        Thematic symbols  relate to maps theme
                        Base information is a geographic frame of reference for the theme


            Inset- optional, 2 purposes
                        1. locator inset- show primary mapped area in relation to a more recognizable area
                        2. enlarge congested or important areas
                        3. to show topics that are related to map’s theme, could include photos, text or other maps.
                        4. to show areas that related to the mapped area


            Title- clearly states the theme and what is being mapped


Legend- where map elements are defined (well defined legends and keys don’t need to be labeled “legend” or “key”) a better heading would explain the symbols (ei: percentage of college graduates)
            Data Source- allows the map user to determine where the cartographer obtained their data
            Scale- indicates the amount of reduction taken place (can be a fraction (1:2,400), verbal scale (one inch to 10 miles) or  bar scale)
            Orientation- indicates direction on the map, (a north arrow or gradicule)

Cartographic Design- mental and physical design process, see the model below
Gestalt principles- describe the manner which humans see individual components of graphical images
Design process

  1. Determine how map will be produced (print, internet)
  2. Select map Scale and projection
  3. Determine the most appropriate data symbolization
  4. Select map elements to be used
  5. establish and intellectual hierarchy of the concepts you want to display
    1. thematic symbols
    2. title
    3. base info
    4. data source and notes
    5. marginalia
  6. create a sketches for map design to get a generalized idea of how to display your information
  7. construct the map in your software program (freehand) and print out rough drafts
  8. Allow others to review your map, (hopefully they are members of the intended audience)

Visual hierarchy- symbols and map elements arranged according to their importance to the map’s theme A-bad example B- good example of showing visual hierarchy


Contrast- visual differences between map features


Figure-ground- accentuating object over others bester on perception
Screening- lightening


Balance- organizational relationship between empty (negative) space and map elements