Fungi

Fungi
	Break down organic compounds 
	saprobic
		get nutrients form nonliving ornganic matter
	carry out extracellular digestion and absortion
	Benefits plants, releasing nutrients in the soil
	Pathogens 
		Human
			Ascomycota
				Histoplamosis
					Respoatory diseas
					inhalation of sproes Ajellpmuces capsulatus
					spores found ins soil with bird or bat droppings
					fatal to people wit hweakedn immune systems
				Valley Fever
				Candida "yeast" infections
				Ringworm
				Athlete's foot
				Ergotism
					causes hallucinations vomiting and diarrhea
					people infected with this have been accused of being witches and werewolves
			Basidiomycota
				some fatal if eaten
		Plant
			Ascomycota
				chestnut blight
				Duch elm disease
				apple scab
			Basidiomycota
				smut on cereal grain
					Claviceps purpurea
					parasitic to grains
					produce alkaliods 
						used medicinally
						cause ergotism
				rust on wheat
	Soil food supplies
	Used to produce
		antibiotics ex: Penicillium
		blue cheese
	Hetrotrophic - no photosynthesis
		aquires organic molecules from enviorment
	Parasitic - extract nutrients form living host
	My celium (tangled fuzz)
		multicellular feeding sturcture 
		tublar branches called hyphye (fuzzy branches)
			aseptate (nucleui are not separated
			septate (nucleui are separated)
	Cell walls contain 
		chitin (like bugs)
		cellulosse
	Extracellular digestion
		Mycelium grons into food source
		hyphae decrete digestive enzymes 
		Enzymes break down organic material
		simple nutrients are absorbed by hyphae
	No Motile stage (no cilla or flagella)
	Spores 
		made of one or few cells
		resist dehydration 
		remain dormant
		produced
		Asexual Reproduction
		Sexual Reproduciton
		Spores greminate after dispersal
	multicelled species spores give rise to new mycelium
	56,000 species of fungi
	Classified based on type of sexual spores 
	Fungi on decline
		decline correlates to air pollution
		if fungal symbions of trees and other plants are killed ecosystems will be sidsruped
	Four phylums
Basidiomycota (club fungi)
	Club fungi make basidiospores on the surface of club shaped (basidium)
	Mushrooms
		Coprinus mushrooms (common food)
	Shelf fungi
	Coral Fungi
	Stinkhorns
	Puffballs 
	Rusts
	Reproduction
		hyphal cells of two mating starains meet
		cytoplasm fuse to form dicaryotic cyciliym (two nucleoui)
		Reprodoductive structure basidiocarp forms
		Sporbearing stucturs are on basidiocarp
		nuclei fuse to produce zygote 
		zygote meiosis> produce haploid spores
		spores produce haploid mycilia
Imperfect Fungi (not yet classified)
	Species have never benn observed to form sexula spores
	many make asexual spores 
	Arthrobtrys dactyloides 
		capture prey (like nemotoad)
		 in nooselike hyphe
	(Eu)Penicillium
		make antibiotics

Zygomycota
	Zygomycete hyphae fuse to produce a thick walled zygospore
	Mycorrhiza
		fungus root (name means)
		mutialisitic with tree roots
			fungi gets sugars from plant
			plant gets minerals from gungus
			many plants do not grow well with out
			common in temperate forests
			in 80% of vascular plants
			endomycorrhizae
				inside root cell
			ectomycorrhizae
				forms net around tree and plant roots
				
	Rhizopus stonlifer
		reproduce
				sexually
				hyphae stranes meet
				at point of contact they form gametangia
				gametangia tipes fuse
				form zygosporanggium
				muclei inside zygosporagngium fuse to produce (2N) zygo spore
				zygospore (can remain dormant)
				Meiosis of zygote nuclei produces hapliod (1N) spore
			asexually	

Ascomycota (sac fungi)
	Most diverse group of fungi
	Reproduction
		Asexual
			spores called conida
		Sexual ascospore in sac called asci
	Mulit celled species form reporductive structures caleed ascocaprs that enclose asci
	Sac fungi produce ascospores inside parent cell, ascus
	Morels (Morchella esculenta)
	Peziza
	Lichen
		Fungi and mutialistic chorophyta or cynobactera 
			Symbionts (symbiotic realationship
			photosynthetic organisms 
		Lichen survice in hostial habiats and are first in succession
		absorb mineral ions from substrates
			from rocks and trees
		fix nintogen, by converting atmospheric nitrogen for plants to use
		sensitive to enviormental changes
			an enviormental indecatior
			absorbs toxins but can't get rid of them
		fungi is bulk of structure

Basidiomycota (club fungi)
	Club fungi make basidiospores on the surface of club shaped (basidium)
	Mushrooms
		Coprinus mushrooms (common food)
	Shelf fungi
	Coral Fungi
	Stinkhorns
	Puffballs 
	Rusts
	Reproduction
		hyphal cells of two mating starains meet
		cytoplasm fuse to form dicaryotic cyciliym (two nucleoui)
		Reprodoductive structure basidiocarp forms
		Sporbearing stucturs are on basidiocarp
		nuclei fuse to produce zygote 
		zygote meiosis> produce haploid spores
		spores produce haploid mycilia

Imperfect Fungi (not yet classified)
	Species have never benn observed to form sexula spores
	many make asexual spores 
	Arthrobtrys dactyloides 
		capture prey (like nemotoad)
		 in nooselike hyphe
	(Eu)Penicillium
		make antibiotics