Plant Notes

Kingdom Plantea
	autotrophic
		energy from sun
		photosynthetic
		carbondioxide + Water (sun) --> Oxygen + Water
	Muticellular (most of them)
	Eukaryotic
	walls made of cellulose
Evolutions of plant
	Chorophyta (green alga)
		All plants desend from (green alge)
	Cynobacteria
		processed CO2 --> Oxygen
		Created earth's atmosphere
			Oxygen for Ozone layer to block ultraviolet radiation
			Allowing for other organisms to rise




	Land Adaptations
		Root Systems
			rizoids -> roots
		Shoot systems
		Vasular Tissues
		Waxy Cuticle
	
	People domecticate plants 11,000 years ago
	3,000 species have been used for food
	200 plants that are major crops
	Non food resources
		lumber
		paper
		rope
		thatched roofing
		natural insecticides
		drugs



Non Vascular
	Less than 19,000 soecues
	No veins, xylem, phloem, or roots
	Bryophtes (see Lab 23)
		Small nonvascular 
		non woody
		Usally live in wet habitats
		Flagellatted sperm, that require water to fertilize eggs
		Liver Worts 
			simplest byophytes
		Honworts
		Mosses
			most common bryophyte
			Peat mosses 
				Sphagnum 
				grow in acidic bogs
				important to regions
				harvested abd burned as fuel
Vascular Seedless
	Live in wet humid places
	require water for fertilization
	Sporophyte is free living and has vasular tissues
	Arose during Devonian
	Very prevelant in Carboniferous era
		large lycophytes and horsetails
		sea level rose and fell repeatedly
		Remanis of swamp forests were repeatedly submerced and compresssed (coal)
	Whisk Ferns
		Psiltum nudem (no leaves)
		no true leaves - Bracts 
	Lycophyta
	Horse tails
	Ferns
		12,000 species
		Perennial underground rhizomes
		Roots and frons arise from rhizome
		Young fronds are called fiddleheads
		Mature fronds divided into leaflets
		spores form on lower surface of some fronds

Vascular Seed Bearing 
	Majority of plants
	Internal tissues 
		xylem- carries water and dissolved minerals
		phloem- carries sugars and starches

	Pollen grains
		developfrom microspores 
		devlop male gametophytes
		Sperm bearing male gametophytes 
		can be transported without water
		transported by pollinators (insects birds)
		drift on air currents
	Seeds 
		Female reproductive structure
		Megaspore inside ovules
		megaspore give rise to seeds
		embryo sporophyte inside nutritive tissues and protective coat
		can withstand hostile conditions
		more water conserving than seedless vasular plants
	Gymnosperms
		Naked Seed 
		seed do not form inside ovary
		Cycads 
			Diverse in age of dinosuars
			palm like appearance
			100 living species
			pollen bearing seed bearing cones on different plants
		Ginkos
			diverse during age of dinosours
			One surviing species Ginko boloba
				bi-lob For its leave's dicotomous shape and vienation
				deciduous trees
				male or female
		Gnetopyats
			Gentum
			Welwitschia
			Ephedra
		Conifter
			Reproduce slowly 
			Competitive disadvanatge in some habits
			still dominate in the north and higher elevations
			
			woody trees or shrubs
			most are evergreen
			bear seeds on exposed cone scales
			most produce woody cones
			have neeldle vs leaves
				shead snow 
				photosynthesis
				reduce water that could be frozen
			Pine 
				cones
					woody scales are wher the megaspore is formed
					male cones where microspores and pollen are produces (are not woody)
			Sequiadendron giganteum (Giant Redwood)
	Angiopersperms
		Flowering plants
		Dominant Land plants
		Significant source of human foods
			fruits
			vegatbles
			grains
		Ovules are seeds after fertilization, in the ovary
		Stamen (male reproductive part)
			flilament (long tube to hold anther)
			anther- where pollen is produced above stigma on pistol
		Pistil (Carpel) (female reproductive parts)
			Stigma0 opening at top of pisitle
			style long tube of pistile leading to ovary
			ovary where ovules (seeds) are 
			ovule- forms within ovary
		Calyx- all sepals 
			sepals (leaf petals)
		Corolla- all petals 
			Petals
		Receptacle- part of flower that holds it to the stem (evenually stem of fruit)
		Double fertilization
			Male gametocyte delivers two sper to an ovule
			One fertilzes an egg (polar nuclei) that develop into endosperm
			
		Magnoliids
		Monocots
			Seeds have one cotyledon
			Flower has petals that are multiples of three
			Parallel array of leaf viens
			on furrow pollen grain
			vasular bundles are distributed
			fibrous root systems
		Dicots
			seeds have two cotyledons
			Flower has petals that are multiples of four of five
			Net arrangment of leaf viens
			Three furrowed pollen grains
			Vasular bundles are arranged in a ring in the stem
			Tap root system 
			

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