Kingdom Plantea autotrophic energy from sun photosynthetic carbondioxide + Water (sun) --> Oxygen + Water Muticellular (most of them) Eukaryotic walls made of cellulose Evolutions of plant Chorophyta (green alga) All plants desend from (green alge) Cynobacteria processed CO2 --> Oxygen Created earth's atmosphere Oxygen for Ozone layer to block ultraviolet radiation Allowing for other organisms to riseLand Adaptations Root Systems rizoids -> roots Shoot systems Vasular Tissues Waxy Cuticle People domecticate plants 11,000 years ago 3,000 species have been used for food 200 plants that are major crops Non food resources lumber paper rope thatched roofing natural insecticides drugs
Non Vascular Less than 19,000 soecues No veins, xylem, phloem, or roots Bryophtes (see Lab 23) Small nonvascular non woody Usally live in wet habitats Flagellatted sperm, that require water to fertilize eggs Liver Worts simplest byophytes Honworts Mosses most common bryophyte Peat mosses Sphagnum grow in acidic bogs important to regions harvested abd burned as fuel Vascular Seedless Live in wet humid places require water for fertilization Sporophyte is free living and has vasular tissues Arose during Devonian Very prevelant in Carboniferous era large lycophytes and horsetails sea level rose and fell repeatedly Remanis of swamp forests were repeatedly submerced and compresssed (coal) Whisk Ferns Psiltum nudem (no leaves) no true leaves - Bracts Lycophyta Horse tails Ferns 12,000 species Perennial underground rhizomes Roots and frons arise from rhizome Young fronds are called fiddleheads Mature fronds divided into leaflets spores form on lower surface of some fronds Vascular Seed Bearing Majority of plants Internal tissues xylem- carries water and dissolved minerals phloem- carries sugars and starches Pollen grains developfrom microspores devlop male gametophytes Sperm bearing male gametophytes can be transported without water transported by pollinators (insects birds) drift on air currents Seeds Female reproductive structure Megaspore inside ovules megaspore give rise to seeds embryo sporophyte inside nutritive tissues and protective coat can withstand hostile conditions more water conserving than seedless vasular plants Gymnosperms Naked Seed seed do not form inside ovary Cycads Diverse in age of dinosuars palm like appearance 100 living species pollen bearing seed bearing cones on different plants Ginkos diverse during age of dinosours One surviing species Ginko boloba bi-lob For its leave's dicotomous shape and vienation deciduous trees male or female Gnetopyats Gentum Welwitschia Ephedra Conifter Reproduce slowly Competitive disadvanatge in some habits still dominate in the north and higher elevations woody trees or shrubs most are evergreen bear seeds on exposed cone scales most produce woody cones have neeldle vs leaves shead snow photosynthesis reduce water that could be frozen Pine cones woody scales are wher the megaspore is formed male cones where microspores and pollen are produces (are not woody) Sequiadendron giganteum (Giant Redwood) Angiopersperms Flowering plants Dominant Land plants Significant source of human foods fruits vegatbles grains Ovules are seeds after fertilization, in the ovary Stamen (male reproductive part) flilament (long tube to hold anther) anther- where pollen is produced above stigma on pistol Pistil (Carpel) (female reproductive parts) Stigma0 opening at top of pisitle style long tube of pistile leading to ovary ovary where ovules (seeds) are ovule- forms within ovary Calyx- all sepals sepals (leaf petals) Corolla- all petals Petals Receptacle- part of flower that holds it to the stem (evenually stem of fruit) Double fertilization Male gametocyte delivers two sper to an ovule One fertilzes an egg (polar nuclei) that develop into endosperm Magnoliids Monocots Seeds have one cotyledon Flower has petals that are multiples of three Parallel array of leaf viens on furrow pollen grain vasular bundles are distributed fibrous root systems Dicots seeds have two cotyledons Flower has petals that are multiples of four of five Net arrangment of leaf viens Three furrowed pollen grains Vasular bundles are arranged in a ring in the stem Tap root system